Hydrocephalus, or "water on the brain," is the buildup of excess
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. The pressure from the fluid buildup
may lead to brain damage if the condition is not treated.
Normally, CSF flows through and out of chambers in the brain
called ventricles, and then around the brain and spinal cord, providing
nutrition and a protective cushion. Hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance
between the brain's production of CSF and the body's ability to distribute or
absorb it properly.
Hydrocephalus is most often present at birth (congenital) and is
usually noticeable within the first 9 months of life. Less often, hydrocephalus
develops after a serious illness (such as meningitis) or a head injury.
Treatment usually includes draining the fluid spaces (ventricles)
of the brain with a tube, called a shunt.
With treatment, babies with hydrocephalus may not have any
long-term problems. Some may have only mild problems, such as learning
difficulties. Hydrocephalus can be life-threatening or cause severe retardation
if it is not treated.
